Social mores became more conservative during the Qing reign, with worsened penalties for homosexuals. He also believed that sorcerers were targeting Manchurians and created a system of torture to combat that, while also creating a program in which thousands of Chinese books that had even the slightest disparagement of Manchurians were destroyed. Qianlong was also obsessed with preserving Manchu culture and enacted dictionary and genealogy projects to that end. He published over 42,000 poems, and added his poetry by hand to hundreds of pieces of historical artwork in the palace, though he wasn’t considered very talented. Qianlong was more preoccupied with artistic pursuits.
Not a dynamic ruler, Qianlong’s later reign was characterized by his own disinterest in ruling. Qianlong ascended to the throne in 1735 and spent 60 years ruling China. Additionally, Kangxi oversaw an explosion in exports, particularly that of cotton, silk, tea and ceramics. Potatoes and corn-plants native to the Americas-were introduced as crops during Kangxi’s reign, and food was considered plentiful during that time. Kangxi also stopped continuous invasion attempts by Tsarist Russia and brokered the Treaty of Nerchinsk in 1689, which brought a vast area of Siberia into Chinese control and allowed him to stifle rebellion in Mongolia. Kangxi also squashed military threats, pushing back three Han rebellions and seizing Taiwan. He trimmed his own staff and expenditures significantly. He enacted policies that were favorable to farmers and stopped land seizures. Kangxi also reduced taxes and stifled corruption and governmental excess. He oversaw several cultural leaps, including the creation of a dictionary considered the best standardization of the Han language and the funding of surveys to create the most extensive maps of China up to that time. Kangxi ruled for 61 years, from 1662 to 1722, the longest of any Chinese emperor.
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